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How do I look in these?  That age old question about sunglasses is now not only restricted to our own species.  Now the dogs are getting in on the act too.  A surprise hit, it has been described as one of those money making ideas that should never have worked but in fact makes millions.

Species of animals change over time, some just a little but others quite a lot! Science took a while to catch up but in 1858 the idea of Natural Selection was put forward.  We have Charles Darwin and Alfred Russell Wallace to thank for that, because it’s been around ever since. Soon after, Darwin would publish “On the Origin of Species” in 1859, a book that shook educated society to the core. In fact, the theory of evolution was not taught in many schools because people disagreed with it - and there is still some dissent today (in some places!).

But how does natural selection work?  This hugely interesting video from the Natural History Museum in London takes the giraffe as an example. We know how well suited they are for survival, especially because of their long necks and tongues that help them pick off the juiciest leaves from even the tallest of trees.  They didn’t always have long necks and tongues – and the changes that happened to make it so are called adaptations. There is also the fact that every single member of one species is just a little different from all the others – and that’s called variation. This variation can sometimes mean that certain individuals have an advantage over others in their natural environment.

So, natural selection happens because animals with adaptations that make them  more successful are way more likely to survive long enough to produce offspring who will have the same adaptation.  SO, that’s why if you go back far enough, and encountered the ancestor of today’s giraffes, you will probably have great difficulty in recognising it as such.  To learn more about variation, adaptation and natural selection, look at the video below. It’s put forward in a very straightforward way which makes you wonder why it too so long for us to get to Darwin and his ideas.  I guess something is only obvious when it’s made obvious.

Some frogs spend their lives in the tree canopy and only come “down to earth” when it’s time to find a mate and breed.  They can live in the treetops because the environment is so humid that they do not have to rely on puddles or pools to get by. That is the case with the gliding leaf frog, and the way it gets itself back to the ground is quite spectacular.   The gliding tree frog (also known as the gliding leaf frog) is endemic to the humid forests of the tropical east pacific, in countries including Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, and Ecuador (but not spread throughout these countries).

They have huge webbed feet – and that’s just as well.  They use them, effectively, as parachutes.   Once they get to the ground the males begin to sing – to attract the females. This fills the surrounding forest with noise – so it is the female who makes the ultimate choice of which male she wants to mate with.   She always seems to go towards the loudest calls – this generally means a bigger frog! However, in order to get to her choice, she has to get past the other frogs who want to get overfriendly with her… and so she sometimes has to use her very large feet to kick unwanted suitors away. That is more difficult than it sounds, given that once attached, the male frogs are almost impossible to remove.

Watch some amazing footage of the gliding leaf frog in the video below.  To be honest, it looks like something of a free for all!

Although there are only a fraction of the suburban hedgehogs in the UK that were around even twenty years ago, life must go on.  This clip from the BBC documentary Secret Gardens shows a female hedgehog looking for a mate.  She really does have to search far and wide in order to find a mate, but eventually she succeeds!  This is a sweet story but sad too, as it underlines just how few of these lovely, harmless creatures are left in the towns and cities of the UK.

Perhaps, as is featured in the video, more effort should be put into creating hedgehog corridors, so that they can safely navigate routes between properties in order to find the love of their life (well, of the evening at least).   A little patience and a little help can go a long way – and it would be great to think that hedgehogs are considered when new houses are built too.  Sometimes, one has to wonder why people even build houses with gardens – they are in such a rush to pave them over that it is little wonder that the hedgehogs of England are becoming something of a rarity.

Did you know that 7.5 billion landbirds currently call North America home?  That’s an awful lot of birds, but here is a question – think about it.  When did you last see a dead bird?  The adult  mortality rate of songbirds is around 45% in their first year, so why is it we don’t see many (or any) dead birds?  So, what happens to birds when they die, when they fall off their metaphorical perch?

It seems that behavior changes when a bird senses that it is not long before it slips off its mortal coil.  They become lethargic and seek cover.  When a bird knows that its health is compromised it retreats to places where predators are unlikely to spot it.  It is an instinctive threat response – to hide because it even though it is on its way out, it still doesn't want to be killed by a predator.  So birds die in places that you can’t see into - dense foliage often covers them up after death.   Even if the bird dies in plain sight, the average time it is visible is about 30 minutes to 4 hours.  Scavengers get them. As well as insect action, cats and even other birds can come along and pick up the carcass.  Watch this fascinating video by Bird Whisper, which delves into more detail below.

This gorgeous bird is a brood parasite (like most other cuckoos), meaning females lay their eggs in the nests of other bird species. The picture is of a male (he has a bright yellow breast). During the rainy-season breeding period between September and March, a female can lay about 19 to 25 eggs. Although they do not need territory to raise chicks, male cuckoos still defend territories to attract mates. The species is widespread across sub-Saharan Africa. Image

Animals that are cave specialists are known as troglobites and can be counted as the most specialist species in the world – one species of angel fish troglobites lives only in two small cave waterfalls in Thailand.  To say that they have a precarious grip on survival in this day and age is putting it mildly.  Many of these species have lost the use of their eyes altogether as the sun never penetrates their cave dwellings. However, to become troglobitic can take thousands of generations. 

This fascinating video from BBC Earth, narrated by Sir David Attenborough looks at troglobites in general – those who have lost the pigment in their skin and also their eyes.  However, to compensate for their blindness, creatures like the Texas Blind Salamander has other senses fine-tuned to compensate for their lack of sight.  Take a look at this video – and discover more about the strange cave-dwelling species, who somehow manage to survive despite the odds being massively stacked against them.

This morning, as I walked to the shops, I spotted a crow.  That wasn’t hard because it was making a loud cawing sound – a proper South East London crow, indeed.  Perhaps there was a cat around, maybe it was trying to locate its mate, or it could have been defending its territory.  I’m not sure what was going on, but one thing was for sure – this crow was perched very precariously on a sapling in a planter.  Perhaps six foot tall, the young tree has been damaged (perhaps by the crow?), meaning that a bird, if it lands elegantly enough, can perch atop it.  Yet what bird would want to do that? This one, obviously.  I didn’t see it land, but the level of expertise it must have taken is astonishing.  I say this because I can’t even do a three-point turn very well, so I can’t imagine calculating angles with height involved too.

Still pondering these avian acrobatics, I reached home and popped the eggs I had just bought into the fridge. I discovered a single egg at its back, and I decided that, since the crow had given me a visual treat, I would give the ones that haunt my garden an edible one. Now, this isn’t something I do often.  Although I do like to see the bigger birds in my garden (the rivalries between the crows and the magpies are legendary for their riotousness, noisiness and general length!) I generally do not feed birds at all. I used to, but then read up on it and discovered that it could produce an over-reliance on feeders, not to mention that lots of birds congregating together isn’t necessarily good for their general health.

Some species don’t need males.  Take the New Mexico Whiptail Lizard for example.  There are no males in this species. So, of course, the sensible question to ask is how do they reproduce?  They use something called parthenogenesis which involves no males and no sperm.  The female can produce an egg all by herself.  The eggs will produce an all-female brood, clones of the other – who will go on to… you get the point.  While this does allow some species to rapidly increase their range, it does somewhat limit the genetic diversity of the species!

For a closer look at parthenogenesis, take a look at these videos created by the Natural History Museum in the UK.

Did you know that a health queen honey bee can lay up to 2,000 eggs a day in the peak season?  That is one busy queen – and running the whole colony on top of that must sap her strength somewhat.  But wait a second – does a queen bee actually run her colony?  That is what most people would naturally assume, but they would be wrong.  She doesn’t make any decisions about what goes on in the hive, she simply secretes a pheromone that reassures the other bees that she is still around and healthy to boot.  If she stops producing the pheromone the colony would quickly become chaotic.  The worker bees that make up 99% of the colony and they are really the ones who keep the colony together, through a variety of tasks that they do throughout their lives.

There is a strict hierarchy in a hive and that includes not just the workers, but drones too. These are the only males in the colony and – unfortunately for  them – they get thrown out of the hive when times get hard.  I suppose having one job (mating) is a plum one when times are good (except for one gruesome fact!). Find out all about bee hierarchies in this fascinating video. 

The ruddy duck is small compared to other ducks (even though their eggs are huge relative to their size), but once you have seen one, you won’t forget especially if you see a male in mating season (when his beak turns blue and he plumps his head feathers up to make himself look like he has horns!).  Although they come from North America, they are making some inroads into Europe.  Yet it’s when it comes to their courtship that these ducks become truly memorable! All Things Birdie explains why the duck makes these bubbles (yes, it’s the mating game again) and just as importantly how it is created to become the fascinating bubble display that you can see in the video below.  To our ears the mating call of the male doesn’t sound very attractive – it’s something like a belch, but I am sure the female ruddies just love it!  Find out more about the ruddy duck by watching the video. Image Credit

Over on our sibling site, Kuriositas, there is a  new article about the fascinating bird’s nest fungi.  Not only does it say what it does on the label (its correct name is Nidulariaceae so you can see why it got its common name), it has an intriguing way of ensuring its survival. In a world where many organisms rely on wind, wings or brute abundance to spread their offspring, bird’s nest fungi have evolved a system that turns rainfall itself into a delivery mechanism – precise, forceful and repeatable. A raindrop becomes a trigger, a launcher and a dispersal strategy all in one, converting something as ordinary as weather into a highly targeted reproductive event.  Find out more about it at Kuriositas, which also has a lovely gallery of images of the bird’s nest fungi. Image

Did you do a double take? This striking behaviour reflects the strong parental care (and perhaps patience) shown by female alligators during the early months of a juvenile’s life. After hatching, young alligators often remain close to their mother, who offers protection from predators and even other adult alligators. Resting on the adult’s head or back provides safety, warmth, and a vantage point above the water’s surface. Contrary to common belief, adult alligators do not indiscriminately attack everything nearby; feeding behaviour is context-specific. In this case, the adult recognises the juvenile as its own offspring and tolerates its presence, demonstrating an important survival strategy within the species.

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Snakes have been around for about 150 million years – which is a little longer than we have, that’s for sure.  One of the questions that snakes provoke from kids (of all sizes) is how on earth do they manage to eat things that look, to all intents and purposes, way, way bigger or longer than them?  How can this happen? It looks impossible.

Well, if you have been around for as long as snakes, you have the time to solve this kind of problem.  Plus of course, we sometimes look at problems from our perspective.  Our jaw bones are fused which means that we would not be able to get something ridiculously large in our mouths and down into our stomach (although I have seen people try at parties).  The jaw bones of the snake, on the other hand, are not fused.  They are still connected but by a ligament of such elasticity that their mouths can be dramatically stretched.  The gape can be large – even up to 180 degrees (and that has to be seen to be believed).  That always leads to another question – when a snake swallows something much bigger than itself, how come it doesn’t suffocate?

This and other questions are answered in the video below, a TED-Ed lesson by Niko Zlotnik, directed by Anna Benner and narrated by Adrian Dannatt.

There have been no beavers in the English county of Bedfordshire for four hundred years.  They were hunted out of existence throughout the country as farms expanded due to the increase in population and demand for more food.  There was, it seems, no place for beavers.  Incredibly, they were thought to do more damage than good. The beaver is of course one of the best ecosystem engineers that we have available to us.  The landowner, Charles Whitbread, had to get a licence (The Beaver Trust helped with the application) and build an enclosure for the beavers (which must have cost him quite a lot of money), so he is obviously particularly please to see his plan come to fruition, at Southill Estate. This video from the Wildwood Trust shows the release of the family of Eurasian beavers at the Estate.  What a wonderful day it must have been for everyone involved!

Beavers are among the most transformative agents of ecological recovery in the natural world. In the English landscape, where vast areas of wetland have been drained, channelled, and degraded over centuries, these remarkable animals quietly reverse the damage all on their own. By building dams and reshaping waterways, they slow the flow of water, reducing flood risk and allowing it to spread and soak into the land. In doing so, they create complex, thriving mosaics of ponds, marshes, and wet meadows.

These newly formed habitats support an extraordinary diversity of life, including insects and amphibians to birds and mammals - triggering a chain reaction of returning species. At the same time, beaver wetlands lock away significant amounts of carbon in waterlogged soils and vegetation, contributing to climate resilience. What makes this even more striking is that all of this is achieved without costly infrastructure or intensive human intervention (OK, once the new habitat is set up, but after 400 years some groundwork had to be done!). Beavers, working instinctively, accomplish landscape-scale restoration in ways that are not only effective, but also self-sustaining and economically efficient.

Let’s hope the beavers at Southill Estate thrive! Watch the video below.

Here’s the story of Doris the duck and her nine eggs, as told on the BBC’s new nature programme, Secret Garden.  Narrated by David Attenborough, it shows how the ducklings “talk” to each other and so trigger hatching at the same time, so that all nine get to experience life simultaneously.  Of course, the mother duck does not have the father around, and looking after  nine ducklings present her with a set of big challenges. The first one is getting the ducklings from the nest to the water.  As they jump down, you will  be forgiven for keeping fingers, toes and everything crossed, but thanks to the cushioning effect of their downy feathers, they all make it to where they want to go intact. Phew!  

Mum Doris is waiting at the bottom of the drop to escort them the last of the way to  the water, and once they make it, she gets them into hiding as soon as she can.  There are predators about, and she wants to make sure they all her ducklings survive!  This is a beautiful piece of film-making from the BBC and I look forward to watching the rest of the episodes on iPlayer.  Let’s keep our fingers (at least) crossed that Doris and her ducklings make it through!

The Greater Glider is cute, but not many people get the chance to see one in the eastern Australian wilds it calls home.  They are shy, solitary and nocturnal, yet one thing is certain – this endangered marsupial species has adorable down to a fine art.  It was, until 2020, believed to be a single species, with variations according to habitat.  After careful research using high-throughput genetic marker techniques, it was discovered that the genus Petauroides was not monotypic – it did not contain a solitary species, after all: there are three species of greater glider. Image

Southern Greater Glider

So, what does one do when this happens?  Keeping things simple and straightforward is always a good plan, so we now have the Northern, Central and Southern greater gliders – named after the regions of the range in which they are found.  Just to make matters a little complicated, each species comes in two forms.  The central greater glider is usually silvery-brown, while the southern greater glider is especially well known for having both dark and pale grey-white forms (the variation seems to be a normal colour morph rather than a sign that they are different sexes or ages. In other words: some are naturally darker, some paler).

The South African Dwarf Chameleon has to contend with a problem.  It can sometimes get cold where it lives and that means that if it laid eggs, they probably wouldn’t hatch. So, evolution came up with a neat solution to that – instead of laying eggs, this chameleon carries it young like a mammal.  In order to properly incubate her eggs, she finds the sunniest spots in which to bask and enable them to grow.  When it is time for them to be born, she gives birth from fairly high up in the branches.  Fortunately, the young do not drop to the ground.  They are born with a membrane that temporarily encloses them – and the membrane is sticky and so attaches itself to a branch on the way down!  Once the newborn has dried off, as it were, it is ready to pursue life in the branches.

Watch the amazing video, narrated by Sir David Attenborough, below: 

In the coral reefs of Indonesia, something remarkable happens on remote coral reefs.  The Banded Sea Krait, which lays its eggs on land but hunts in the water, has a problem.  They aren’t fast enough to catch free-swimming fish, so resort to trying to find those hiding among the coral. A single bite is sufficient to paralyse prey, but getting at it is the problem! Fortunately (for them), they get assistance from the yellow goat fish which live around the reef, as well as trevally fish – and together they form what can only be described as a pack – at some points in this film there are around fifty snakes and countless fish, banding together with only one thing in mind – food!

The fish will chase the prey into the coral and then the snakes go in. When some of the smaller fish try to escape, then the yellow goat fish and trevally are waiting for them. It’s a win-win situation for both the snakes and the fish.  It is thought that this behavior was much more widespread when Indonesia’s reefs were pristine, but these days it only happens in some of the more remote reefs – the main reason why this kind of hunting is not seen very often.

Watch the intriguing video from BBC Earth below.

The last insect you would expect to be buzzing around the Falkland Islands is the humble bumblebee.  The islands are harsh, not to mention isolated in the South Atlantic, so it is difficult for any insects to reach them naturally.  Not only that, but it is even more difficult for them to create and continue a presence on the island.  However, this is what local scientists believe may have happened in the Falklands.

This could have come in on the deck of a boat or a plane.  However, once arrived, it only takes one queen to set up a nest.  Locals would quite like this to be the case as the sight of a bumblebee in one’s garden is always a pleasure. Plus, the Falklands do not have any native bees, so unless they have a negative impact on the local ecosystem, we can only hope that the bumblebee can establish itself on the islands.

Watch the video describing the appearance of the bumblebee on the Falkland Islands below.